Stoichiometry Calculator

Free online calculator for limiting reactant, theoretical yield & percent yield with step-by-step solutions

✓ Multiple Units (g, mg, kg, mol) • ✓ Visual Charts • ✓ PDF Export • ✓ Share Calculations • ✓ Dark Mode

Calculate Yields

🚀 Quick Start - Load Example:

✓ Make sure the equation is balanced. Use our Equation Balancer if needed.

💡 Format: Use + between compounds, -> for arrow. Example: CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O

🔗 Related: Molar Mass Calculator • Concentration Calculator

Enter a balanced equation to configure reactant inputs.

Worked Examples: Limiting Reactant & Yield

Example 1: Water from H2 and O2

Balanced: 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O. Given 4.00 g H2 and 32.0 g O2, find the limiting reactant and yield of H2O.

  1. n(H2) = 4.00 g / 2.016 g·mol−1 = 1.984 mol.
  2. n(O2) = 32.0 g / 32.00 g·mol−1 = 1.000 mol.
  3. Stoichiometric ratios: need 2 mol H2 per 1 mol O2. Ratios: H2: 1.984/2 = 0.992; O2: 1.000/1 = 1.000 → limiting is H2.
  4. Product moles: n(H2O) = 2 × 0.992 = 1.984 mol → mass = 1.984 × 18.015 = 35.7 g.

Example 2: CO2 from CaCO3

Balanced: CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g). If you decompose 25.0 g CaCO3, what is the theoretical yield of CO2?

  1. M(CaCO3) ≈ 100.09 g·mol−1; n = 25.0 / 100.09 = 0.2498 mol.
  2. Stoichiometry 1:1 → n(CO2) = 0.2498 mol.
  3. Mass CO2 = 0.2498 × 44.01 = 11.0 g.

Understanding Stoichiometry: Key Concepts

What is Stoichiometry?

Stoichiometry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the quantitative relationships between reactants and products in chemical reactions. It allows chemists to predict how much product will form from given amounts of reactants, identify limiting reactants, and calculate reaction efficiencies through percent yield analysis.

Limiting Reactant Explained

The limiting reactant (or limiting reagent) is the substance that is completely consumed first in a chemical reaction, thereby limiting the amount of product that can be formed. Other reactants present in excess remain after the reaction completes. Identifying the limiting reactant is crucial for:

  • Calculating maximum theoretical yield
  • Determining excess reactant amounts
  • Optimizing industrial chemical processes
  • Planning laboratory experiments efficiently

Theoretical vs Actual Yield

Theoretical yield is the maximum amount of product calculable from stoichiometry, assuming perfect conditions and 100% reaction completion. Actual yield is the amount obtained in reality, typically lower due to incomplete reactions, side reactions, or product loss during purification. The ratio gives the percent yield, a measure of reaction efficiency important in both academic and industrial settings.

Why Use a Stoichiometry Calculator?

Our online stoichiometry calculator eliminates manual calculation errors and saves time by:

  • Automating complex calculations - No need for manual molar mass lookups or ratio calculations
  • Supporting multiple units - Work in grams, milligrams, kilograms, or moles
  • Providing visual insights - Interactive charts show reactant consumption and product distribution
  • Teaching with steps - Step-by-step solutions help students learn the methodology
  • Enabling collaboration - Share calculations via URL or export to PDF for lab reports

Applications of Stoichiometry

Stoichiometric calculations are essential in:

  • Academic chemistry - From high school to university-level courses
  • Pharmaceutical manufacturing - Ensuring correct drug synthesis ratios
  • Industrial processes - Optimizing raw material usage and costs
  • Environmental science - Calculating pollutant formation and mitigation
  • Materials science - Designing precise material compositions
  • Food chemistry - Formulating recipes at scale

Frequently Asked Questions

What is a stoichiometry calculator?

A stoichiometry calculator is an online tool that performs chemical calculations based on balanced equations. It determines limiting reactants, calculates theoretical yields, and helps predict product amounts from given reactant quantities using mole ratios and molar masses.

How do I find the limiting reactant?

To find the limiting reactant: (1) Convert all reactant masses to moles using molar mass, (2) Divide each mole value by its coefficient in the balanced equation, (3) The reactant with the smallest ratio is the limiting reactant. Our calculator does this automatically and shows step-by-step solutions.

What is theoretical yield and how is it calculated?

Theoretical yield is the maximum amount of product that can be formed from given reactants assuming 100% reaction efficiency. It's calculated using the limiting reactant's moles, the stoichiometric ratio from the balanced equation, and the product's molar mass. Formula: Theoretical Yield = (moles of limiting reactant) × (product coefficient / limiting reactant coefficient) × (product molar mass).

How do I calculate percent yield?

Percent yield = (Actual Yield / Theoretical Yield) × 100%. The actual yield is the amount obtained from an experiment, while theoretical yield is the calculated maximum amount. Our calculator includes a percent yield feature where you can enter your actual lab results to get instant percent yield calculations.

What units does the calculator support?

Our stoichiometry calculator supports multiple units: grams (g), milligrams (mg), kilograms (kg), and moles (mol). You can select different units for each reactant, and the calculator automatically converts them for accurate calculations. This flexibility makes it ideal for various lab scenarios and homework problems.

Can I share my calculations with others?

Yes! Click the "Share" button after calculating to generate a unique URL containing your calculation data. Share this link with classmates, teachers, or study groups. Recipients can view and modify the calculation. You can also export results to PDF or print them for lab reports.

Does the calculator show step-by-step solutions?

Yes! Click "Show Steps" after calculating to see detailed step-by-step solutions including: (1) Mass to moles conversions with formulas, (2) Stoichiometric ratio calculations, (3) Limiting reactant identification, and (4) Theoretical yield calculations. This helps you learn and verify your work.

Is the stoichiometry calculator free to use?

Yes, our stoichiometry calculator is completely free with no registration required. All features including limiting reactant finder, theoretical yield calculator, percent yield calculator, step-by-step solutions, charts, PDF export, and sharing are available at no cost. Perfect for students, teachers, and chemistry professionals.