Faraday's First Law states that the mass (m) of a substance deposited or liberated at an electrode is directly proportional to the quantity of electricity (Q) passed through the electrolyte. The formula is m = Z · Q, where Z is the electrochemical equivalent.

To calculate the theoretical yield (mass), use the formula: m = (M · I · t) / (n · F).
Where:

• M = Molar mass of the substance (g/mol)
• I = Current in Amperes (A)
• t = Time in seconds (s)
• n = Valency (number of electrons transferred per ion)
• F = Faraday's Constant (~96,485 C/mol)

Current efficiency represents the percentage of current that actually goes towards the desired reaction rather than side reactions (like water electrolysis). In real-world scenarios, efficiency is rarely 100%. Our calculator allows you to adjust this factor to see realistic yields.