Reference Tablev
CationNaOH (few drops)NaOH (excess)NH3 (few drops)NH3 (excess)
Cu2+Blue pptInsolubleBlue pptDeep blue solution
Fe2+Green pptInsolubleGreen pptInsoluble
Fe3+Brown pptInsolubleBrown pptInsoluble
Al3+White pptDissolves to colourless solutionWhite pptInsoluble
Ca2+White pptInsolubleNo pptNo ppt
Zn2+White pptDissolves to colourless solutionWhite pptDissolves to colourless solution

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Safety Notes

  • Wear eye protection when handling sodium hydroxide or ammonia solution.
  • Add reagents dropwise, keep test tubes pointed away from people, and avoid smelling ammonia directly.
  • Treat copper, iron, zinc, aluminium, and calcium salt solutions as irritants; collect waste as instructed.
Virtual test tube cation test The test tube shows solution colour, precipitate formation, and the selected reagent result. Precipitate Unknown A NaOH Run tests, then infer the ion

Working Inference

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Run at least two tests, choose a likely cation, and write evidence before revealing the identity.
Observations
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