📖 Theory & Concepts ▼
Carbohydrates

Polyhydroxy aldehydes/ketones. Formula: Cₙ(H₂O)ₘ

Tests:

  • • Molisch: Violet ring (all carbs)
  • • Benedict's: Red ppt (reducing sugars)
  • • Iodine: Blue-black (starch only)
Proteins

Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds (-CO-NH-).

Tests:

  • • Biuret: Violet color (peptide bonds)
  • • Xanthoproteic: Yellow → Orange (aromatic)
  • • Millon's: Red ppt (tyrosine)
Fats & Oils

Esters of fatty acids with glycerol (triglycerides).

Tests:

  • • Translucent spot: Greasy mark on paper
  • • Saponification: Soap formation with NaOH
  • • Sudan III: Red staining

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